Keeping water moving helps to keep it clear and prevent it from becoming stagnant. It also produces that lovely, soothing, bubbling sound. For this, you need a pump, which can supply water to a fountain or via a hose to feed a waterfall. I would always choose a submersible pump-there are small, solar-powered water features on the market, but for my money they deliver a piddling amount of water and tend to make you want to do the same!
In order to choose the right pumping system for your garden, you need to estimate the flow of water required. Obviously if water has to be pumped uphill, the flow will be less powerful than if it is to be pumped downhill or at the same level. Pumps come with a chart showing the outflow at a given outlet height, so check this before you buy. A 35-gallon-a-minute pump would be too much for a small fountain, but would provide the right flow for a cascade and waterfall 9-10 inches wide and about 10 feet high. It is a good idea to buy spare capacity-i.e. choose a pump that is more powerful than your immediate needs-in case you want to add another water feature at a later date. You will still be able to run both without the hassle of installing another pump and electrical connection.
Where water is being pumped to an upper pond, use top-quality, flexible hose and bury it below spade and garden fork depth to avoid puncturing it. To obtain maximum flow, always use as large a diameter of hose as possible. Don't forget to leave an outlet under the paved edging of the pond to feed the electricity cable and hose through. Leave sufficient spare pump cable in the pond to enable you to lift it out of the water onto the surrounding area for servicing.
If you want a fountain, make sure your pond is big enough to catch the falling drops. It is surprising how far water droplets can be blown to one side on a windy day. Where water toss occurs, you may need to reduce the height of the water display. You can either turn down the water pressure on the pump itself or buy a connection that allows you to do this. Where the submersible pump is feeding water to both a waterfall and a fountain, it is usual to divert most of the flow to the waterfall. Pumps with one outlet will need to be fitted with a Y-shaped junction to connect two hoses, one for each feature.
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